Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer in the United States armed forces,[1] and the principal military adviser to the President of the United States, the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council[2] and the Secretary of Defense.[2][3] The Chairman outranks all respective heads of each service branch but does not have operational command authority over their service branches.[1] He leads the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), comprising the Chairman, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chiefs of Staff of the United States Army and United States Air Force, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps.[2] The Joint Chiefs of Staff have offices in The Pentagon.
Although the office of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is considered very important and highly prestigious, neither the Chairman, the Vice Chairman, nor the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a body have any command authority over combatant forces. The Goldwater-Nichols Act places the chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands.[4] However the chiefs do have authority over personnel assignments and oversight over resources and personnel allocated to the combatant commands within their respective services. The Chairman may also transmit communications to the combatant commanders from the President and Secretary of Defense[5] as well as allocate additional funding to the combatant commanders if necessary.[6] He also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U.S.C. § 153 or allocates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in the joint staff under his name.

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In 1678, Jean-Baptiste Delaveyne (1653-1719), a Benedictine who had spent seven years being dazzled by the court of Louis XIV of France, returned to Saint-Saulge, the hamlet in the Nièvre department where he was born, in an attempt to regain the spiritual direction of his youth. Struck by the poverty he found in that rural area, he offered the young ladies of the village of Saint-Saulge a challenge: "Have no other business but that of charity. Have no other interests but those of the unfortunate." This challenge led to the order's foundation.[2] Delaveyne organized a small house with Sisters who ministered to the sick and the poor.[3]
The order was housed in Château-Chinon in 1706. In 1710 they moved to Decize to serve in the local hospital, and in 1716 they consecrated a chapel in Saint-Saulge to the Immaculate Conception. In 1748 they returned to Château-Chinon, to its hospital.[4] While the Sisters initially ministered to the poor, during the nineteenth century they were more oriented toward the middle classes (and most of the novitiates were middle-class girls), and by the 1860s operated 260 convents in France.[3]
In 1853, the Sisters were given the former Church of Saint Lupus and Saint Gildard in Nevers by Dominique-Augustin Dufêtre, bishop of Nevers, to built a religious house; it was officially consecrated on 15 July 1856.[5]

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